Beginner's guide to the Shinkansen bullet train in Japan

One of Japan’s most iconic sights is the Shinkansen bullet train zooming past Mount Fuji. Sure, it’s a bit of a cliché, but it perfectly captures Japan’s blend of tradition and high-speed modernity. Beyond the postcard-worthy views, riding the Shinkansen is an experience in itself — efficient, comfortable, and impressively punctual. If it’s your first time, it might seem a bit overwhelming, but don’t worry. Here’s everything you need to know to make your journey smooth and stress-free.

So, what is the Shinkansen?

The Shinkansen, or Japanese bullet train, is not just a way to get around, it's an entire experience that many tourists specifically include in their Japan itinerary. These high-speed trains connect major cities with efficiency, comfort and near-perfect punctuality. Traveling from Tokyo to Kyoto or from Osaka to Hiroshima seems amazingly fast.

The history of the Japan bullet trains

Japan introduced the world’s first high-speed rail system in 1964 with the launch of the Tokaido Shinkansen, just in time for the Tokyo Olympics. It was a game changer, reducing the travel time between Tokyo and Osaka from nearly seven hours to just four. Over the decades, new models have become even faster and more efficient, making the Shinkansen the gold standard for high-speed rail service.

Types of bullet trains

Not all Shinkansen are the same. Different models vary in speed, number of stops, and destinations:

• Nozomi – The fastest on the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen lines, stopping only at major cities.
• Hikari – Slightly slower, with a few more stops, but still a solid option.
• Kodama – The slowest of the three, stopping at every station.
• Hayabusa, Komachi, and Tsubasa – High-speed trains serving northern Japan, including the Tohoku, Akita, and Yamagata regions.
• Mizuho and Sakura – Services on the Kyushu Shinkansen, connecting cities like Fukuoka and Kagoshima.

Advantages of the Shinkansen bullet train

They are fast

Speed is the biggest advantage. While regular express trains in Japan run at around 100–130 km/h, Shinkansen trains can reach 320 km/h. That means:

• Tokyo to Kyoto in just over two hours.
• Osaka to Hiroshima in about 90 minutes.
• Tokyo to Fukuoka in under five hours — much faster than a domestic flight when factoring in airport transfers and security checks.

Shinkansen trains run on dedicated high-speed tracks. Fewer curves and inclines make travel smoother and more efficient.

They are advanced

Shinkansen technology is on another level. Aerodynamic noses reduce air resistance and noise, while advanced suspension systems keep the ride steady.

• Trains on busy routes, like Tokyo to Osaka, depart every few minutes during peak hours.
• Punctuality is unmatched — on the Tokaido Shinkansen line, the average delay is less than a minute, even accounting for earthquakes and typhoons.

They are comfortable

Shinkansen trains make long-distance travel surprisingly relaxing:

• Spacious seats with plenty of legroom (even in standard class).
• Large windows perfect for admiring Mount Fuji (sit on the right side when heading west from Tokyo).
• Minimal vibration, even at high speeds.
• Rotatable seats — turn them around to face friends or create extra luggage space.

They’re fast, efficient, and more comfortable than most airplanes — exactly what a long journey should be.

Shinkansen lines: Where Japan’s bullet trains can take you

Japan’s bullet train network stretches from the southern tip of Kyushu to the northern reaches of Hokkaido, making it one of the most efficient ways to explore the country. Most major tourist destinations have a station nearby, and departures are so frequent that you rarely have to wait long for the next train.

Here’s a breakdown of the main Shinkansen lines and where they can take you:

Tokaido Shinkansen – Tokyo to Osaka

Japan’s busiest and oldest bullet train line, linking Tokyo with Nagoya, Kyoto, and Osaka. This route is the backbone of the Shinkansen network and offers iconic views of Mount Fuji — sit on the right side when heading west.

Sanyo Shinkansen – Osaka to Fukuoka

Stretching west from Osaka, this line connects Kobe, Okayama, Hiroshima and ends in Fukuoka (Hakata Station). It is ideal for exploring Japan's western cities and historical sites such as Hiroshima Peace Park.

Kyushu Shinkansen – Fukuoka to Kagoshima

Running south through Kyushu, this line stops in Kumamoto before reaching Kagoshima. The scenic route passes through volcanic landscapes and hot spring towns.

Tohoku Shinkansen – Tokyo to Aomori

Heading north from Tokyo, this line serves Sendai, Morioka, and terminates in Aomori. It’s the gateway to Japan’s less-traveled northern regions, known for their rugged coastlines and deep snow in winter.

Hokkaido Shinkansen – Aomori to Hakodate (and beyond)

Japan’s newest bullet train line links Honshu with Hokkaido via the Seikan Tunnel, the world’s longest undersea railway tunnel. For now, the Shinkansen stops in Hakodate, but an extension to Sapporo is in the works. 

Hokuriku Shinkansen – Tokyo to Kanazawa

Heading northwest, this line passes through Nagano before reaching Kanazawa, a city known for its samurai districts, tea houses, and Kenrokuen Garden. A planned extension will take the line further into Fukui and beyond.

Joetsu Shinkansen – Tokyo to Niigata

This line is a top choice for winter travelers heading to ski resorts in Niigata and the Japanese Alps. It's also the fastest way to reach Niigata’s famous seafood and sake.

Akita Shinkansen – Morioka to Akita

A branch of the Tohoku line, this route winds through scenic countryside to reach Akita, a city famous for its samurai heritage and traditional festivals.

Yamagata Shinkansen – Fukushima to Yamagata

Another Tohoku branch line, this train heads into the mountains, stopping in Yamagata, a region known for its hot springs, ski resorts, and cherry orchards.

Shinkansen tickets: What you need to know

Traveling on a Japan bullet train is fast, efficient, and incredibly smooth — but figuring out tickets can be a bit overwhelming. Prices depend on the route, seat type, and whether you choose a reserved or non-reserved seat. Here’s everything you need to know about fares, ticket options, and money-saving rail passes.

Costs

Shinkansen ticket prices include several components:

• Base fare – The standard cost of travel between stations. Short trips cost around ¥20 ($0.13) per km, but for longer journeys, the price drops to under ¥10 ($0.09) per km.
• Limited express fee – An extra charge for using the Shinkansen, ranging from ¥800 ($5.50) for short distances to ¥11,000 ($73) for longer routes.
• Seat reservation fee – If you want a guaranteed seat, expect to pay an additional ¥320–¥720 ($2–$5) depending on demand and season.

Example fares (2025 prices)

• Tokyo to Kyoto – ¥14,520 ($97)
• Tokyo to Osaka – ¥14,900 ($99)
• Tokyo to Fukuoka – ¥23,800 ($159)

Buying a ticket at the ticket counter

For in-person purchases, visit Midori no Madoguchi (JR ticket offices) found in major stations. The staff will help you book tickets, passes and find out travel information, but be prepared for long lines, especially during peak season.

Buying a ticket at a ticket machine

Multilingual ticket machines at Shinkansen stations offer a quicker option. Available in English, Chinese, and Korean, they accept cash and credit cards. If you don’t need a specific seat, this is the easiest way to grab a ticket on the go.

Buying a ticket online

Online booking is the easiest way to secure a Shinkansen ticket in advance. Instead of waiting in line or struggling with Japanese-language websites, you can book through user-friendly platforms.

Klook is a popular option, offering competitive prices and an easy process. Simply choose your route, date, and seat type, then pay online. You’ll receive a QR code, which you scan at a ticket machine to print your ticket — no need to visit the counter.

Same-day and next-day bookings are often available, making this ideal for last-minute plans.

Rail passes

If you're traveling across multiple cities, a rail pass can save you a lot of money:

• Japan Rail Pass – The best option for long-distance travel. Covers nearly all Shinkansen routes except Nozomi and Mizuho services. Available in 7-, 14-, and 21-day options.
• Regional Rail Passes – If you’re sticking to one area (like Kansai, Tohoku, or Kyushu), a regional pass can be much cheaper than the full JR Pass.

IC cards

IC cards like Suica and PASMO are great for subways, buses, and even convenience store purchases, but they don’t work for Shinkansen travel unless linked to a special service. For bullet train tickets, you’ll still need a paper ticket, rail pass, or an online booking.

Seats and classes in the shinkansen

Shinkansen trains offer a variety of seating options, from standard to luxurious first class seats. Choosing the right seat can make a big difference, especially on long journeys.

Seat reservations

Shinkansen trains have both reserved and non-reserved seating, and knowing the difference can help you avoid unnecessary stress:

• Non-reserved seats (自由席, Jiyūseki) – These are first-come, first-served and slightly cheaper. They’re fine for short trips or off-peak travel, but on busy routes, you might have to stand.
• Reserved seats (指定席, Shiteiseki) – For a small extra fee, you get a guaranteed seat. This is the best option during peak seasons or long-distance trips.
• Green Car seats – First-class seating with wider seats, extra legroom, and a quieter atmosphere. It’s about 30% more expensive than ordinary reserved seats but worth it for added comfort.
• Gran Class seats – The top-tier option, available on select routes. Expect plush reclining seats, dedicated service, and complimentary meals.

When to reserve a seat

While non-reserved seats work well on less crowded trains, reserving a seat is a smart move in these situations:

• Peak travel seasons – Golden Week (late April–early May), Obon (mid-August), and New Year holidays see packed trains.
• Popular routes – The Tokyo-Kyoto-Osaka corridor is always busy.
• Long journeys – If you’re traveling for several hours, having a guaranteed seat makes all the difference.

Seat reservations can be made at ticket counters, machines, or online. If you're using a Japan Rail Pass, you can book a reserved seat for free at JR stations.

How to board the Shinkansen

Boarding a Shinkansen bullet train is smooth and efficient — if you know the steps. Stations can be massive, and with trains departing every few minutes, there’s little room for hesitation. Follow these steps to get to your seat hassle-free.

Pass through the ticket gates

Head to the JR ticket gates and insert your base fare ticket into the slot. If you’re using a Japan Rail Pass, show it to the station staff instead. Once through, retrieve your ticket as it will be needed again.

Find the Shinkansen platforms

Shinkansen platforms are separate from regular train lines. Follow the signs for "Shinkansen" (新幹線) and look for your train’s departure platform on the overhead boards.

Pass through the Shinkansen ticket gates

At these gates, insert both your base fare ticket and your Shinkansen supplement ticket (or seat reservation ticket) at the same time. The machine will return your seat reservation ticket — don’t forget to take it.

Find your platform

Once inside the Shinkansen area, check the digital displays for your train number and platform. If you’re unsure, staff at the nearby information desks can assist.

Find your train

Trains arrive and depart precisely on time, so be ready. Look for your train name (Nozomi, Hikari, Kodama, etc.) and number on the display boards, and line up at the correct boarding point marked on the platform floor.

Find your seat

• Non-reserved seating (自由席) – Cars are labeled "自由席" (Jiyūseki). Simply board and find an open seat.
• Reserved seating (指定席) – Your car number and seat number are printed on your ticket.
• Green Car / Gran Class – If you booked first-class seating, head to the designated cars and enjoy the extra comfort.

Once seated, sit back and enjoy the ride — maybe with an ekiben bento and a view of Mount Fuji.

General Japan bullet train rules

Riding the Shinkansen bullet train is a smooth, comfortable experience — partly because everyone follows a few simple etiquette rules. Trains are quiet, clean, and well-organized, and it’s best to respect these customs to keep the journey pleasant for everyone.

No smoking

Smoking is no longer allowed on any Shinkansen nationwide. As of March 16, 2024, all smoking rooms on the Tokaido, Sanyo, and Kyushu Shinkansen lines have been abolished. If you need to smoke, you’ll have to wait until you reach a station with designated smoking areas.

Queue up

Shinkansen boarding is orderly and efficient. Stand in line at the designated spots marked on the platform and wait your turn. When the train arrives, let passengers exit first before boarding.

Set your phone to silent mode

Nobody wants to hear your ringtone at 320 km/h. Switch your phone to silent mode (also called "manner mode" in Japan). If you need to take a call, move to the area near the doors to avoid disturbing others.

Use headphones

Watching a video? Listening to music? Always use headphones, and keep the volume low — even tiny sounds can be annoying in the quiet atmosphere of the Shinkansen.

Luggage requirements

If your suitcase is over 63 inches (160 cm) (total of height + width + depth), you need a seat reservation in the oversized luggage area. Without one, you may have to store your bag at the back of the car — if space is available. Smaller luggage fits in the overhead racks.

Take your trash with you

Shinkansen trains don’t have trash bins, so take your garbage with you and dispose of it at the station. If you’ve enjoyed an ekiben bento, neatly pack up the box and carry it off the train.

Talk quietly

Shinkansen rides are peaceful. Keep conversations at a low volume, and avoid loud laughter or phone calls inside the seating area. If you’re in a group, be mindful of the passengers around you.

Best routes for your first Shinkansen bullet train ride

Not sure where to go on your first bullet train ride? Here are some of the most popular routes, along with approximate travel times, to help you plan.

• Tokyo to Kyoto/Osaka – Around 2 hours 30 minutes on the Hikari Shinkansen. This is the classic route for first-time visitors, linking Japan’s modern capital with its historic heart.
• Tokyo to Hiroshima – About 4 hours using the Hikari or Sakura Shinkansen. A great option if you want to visit Hiroshima’s Peace Park and Miyajima’s floating torii gate.
• Tokyo to Nagano – Just 1 hour 30 minutes on the Hokuriku Shinkansen. Perfect for a quick escape to the Japanese Alps, whether for skiing, hiking, or seeing the famous snow monkeys.
• Osaka to Fukuoka – Roughly 2 hours 30 minutes on the Sakura Shinkansen. This route connects Japan’s foodie capital with Kyushu’s largest city, known for its ramen and vibrant nightlife.

Where the Shinkansen doesn't reach

The biggest gaps in the Shinkansen network are in Shikoku and most of Hokkaido. If you're heading to far northern Hokkaido, flying to Sapporo and continuing by train or bus is usually the best option. However, the Hokkaido Shinkansen extension to Sapporo is scheduled to open in 2030, making future travel even easier.

What’s the future of the bullet train?

More trains, going further and faster — that’s the future of the Shinkansen bullet train. Japan continues to push the boundaries of high-speed rail, with major expansions and cutting-edge technology on the horizon.

The Hokkaido Shinkansen, which first connected Aomori to Hakodate in 2016, is set to extend to Sapporo by 2030. This will make travel to Japan’s northernmost major city even easier, reducing the journey from Tokyo to under four and a half hours — no flight required.

But apparently, 275 mph (443 km/h) isn’t fast enough. Enter the Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains, which will redefine high-speed rail. These real-life hover trains, already reaching test speeds of 375 mph (603 km/h), are set to launch on a new Tokyo–Nagoya route by 2027, with an extension to Osaka by 2045.

Worried about traveling at such high speeds? Don’t be. Since the Shinkansen first launched in 1964, it has recorded zero fatalities due to crashes or derailments. That’s 60 years of high-speed travel with a perfect safety record.

Japan’s Shinkansen bullet train system isn’t just transportation — it’s part of the travel experience. With high speeds, smooth rides, and near-perfect punctuality, it’s one of the best ways to explore the country.

Understanding how the Shinkansen works and using convenient booking options like Klook makes the journey even easier. Whether you're racing between major cities or enjoying the scenery with an ekiben, riding the bullet train can be a highlight of your trip — not just a way to get around.

This article was created in partnership with Klook.com.